The female reproductive system is more complex than the male system, given the multiple structures (vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries) and the cyclic effects upon it by the menstrual cycle. The OVARIES are the major producers of hormones and gametes (eggs, or ova). The female reproductive system includes all of internal and external organs that help with reproduction. The internal sex organs are the ovaries, which are the female gonads, the fallopian tubes, two muscular tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus, and the uterus, which is the strong muscular sack that a fetus can develop in. ASSUME A COUPLE HAS JUST CONSUMMATED THE SEX ACT AND THE SPERM HAVE BEEN DEPOSITED IN THE VAGINA. TRACE THE PATHWAY OF THE SPERM THROUGH THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT. VAGINA - CERVIX - UTERUS - UTERINE TUBE - PERITONEAL CAVITY.

Physiology Reproductive System Ppt
Anatomy And Physiology Reproductive System Quizlet

Learning Objectives

By the end of this section, you will be able to:

Describe the anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems, including their accessory structures
Explain the role of hypothalamic and pituitary hormones in male and female reproductive function
Trace the path of a sperm cell from its initial production through fertilization of an oocyte
Explain the events in the ovary prior to ovulation
Describe the development and maturation of the sex organs and the emergence of secondary sex characteristics during puberty

Figure 1. Following a surge of luteinizing hormone (LH), an oocyte (immature egg cell) will be released into the uterine tube, where it will then be available to be fertilized by a male’s sperm. Ovulation marks the end of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle and the start of the luteal phase.

Small, uncoordinated, and slick with amniotic fluid, a newborn encounters the world outside of her mother’s womb. We do not often consider that a child’s birth is proof of the healthy functioning of both her mother’s and father’s reproductive systems. Moreover, her parents’ endocrine systems had to secrete the appropriate regulating hormones to induce the production and release of unique male and female gametes, reproductive cells containing the parents’ genetic material (one set of 23 chromosomes). Her parent’s reproductive behavior had to facilitate the transfer of male gametes—the sperm—to the female reproductive tract at just the right time to encounter the female gamete, an oocyte (egg). Finally, combination of the gametes (fertilization) had to occur, followed by implantation and development. In this chapter, you will explore the male and female reproductive systems, whose healthy functioning can culminate in the powerful sound of a newborn’s first cry.

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The Mare Uterus- Courtesy of A.Crook, Copyright RVC 2008

Introduction to the Reproductive System

Reproduction is the complex set of biological processes that result in the formation of a new organism; it is crucial that we understand how these processes occur normally and have a good grasp of the role of hormones in the reproductive process. Pathology and disease are common within the reproductive system and can not only lead to a sick animal but also to a loss in production. In this section we hope to cover all the main processes in domestic animals, laying a foundation for understanding the associated pathological states.

Puberty

Puberty is the process of aquiring reproductive capability, and age at onset of puberty varies from between species. There are several factors involved in triggering the onset of puberty, including body size, nutritional factors, day length, genetic factors and environmental and social factors. The onset depends on the ability of specific hypothalamic neurons to produce gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in sufficient quantities to both promote and support gametogenesis. The hypothalamus itself is influenced by hormonal factors that are male or female specific.

Female Reproductive Tract and Reproductive Behaviour

The anatomy of the female reproductive tract includes the external genitalia and vagina, the cervix, the uterus, the oviduct and the ovary.Female animals regularly enter a phase where they are sexually active and receptive to males; this is known as the oestrous cycle. Some animals are able to reproduce all year round, but many have an anoestrus phase which requires a seasonal response for cycling to begin. In some species detection of seasonal cycling can be crucial to productivity.

Female animals have various behavioural and chemical signals which increase their attractiveness to males and others which signal their acceptance of attention from the male. Further cues indicate that the female is receptive to mating. Other reproductive female behaviours include maternal and nursing behaviour. In neurological terms sensory information from behavioural and chemical cues are processed by the hypothalamus, which induces the appropriate mating response via specific peptides which activate neurons in the midbrain and brainstem.

Male Reproductive Tract and Reproductive Behaviour

The anatomy of the male reproductive tract includes the penis, the testes, the epididymis and the accessory sex glands. Males of different species are often referred to by specific names which reflect their repoductive status. Males differ from females in the production of sperm which takes place from puberty onwards - unlike females where ova are produced prior to birth. The hormones controlling sperm production, or spermatogenesis are luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

The neurological pathways that control reproductive behaviour are similar to the female, but the response is male specific and includes pre-copulatory, copulatory and post-copulatory behaviour.

Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development

After mating has occured, sperm must travel along the female reproductive tract towards the uterus in order to fertilise the oocyte. A single spermatazoon penetrates the oocyte and the male and female pronuclei fuse to form an ootid which divides repeatedly to form the blastocyst. At this stage the genetic sex of the offspring is determined as male gametes are heterogametic. The blastocyst continues to divide and grow until the outer layer, the zona pellucida ruptures and the blastocyst 'hatches' and becomes free floating within the uterus. The blastocyt continues to grow and develop until it becomes an embryo with placental and embryonic membranes such as the amniotic sac; the placental membranes then attach to the uterine endometrium in a process known as implantation. During embryonic development the process of sexual differentiation begins.

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Pregnancy and Parturition

In most domestic species, pregnancy is maintained by hormonal feedback from the corpus luteum and, in many species, the placenta. The corpus luteum is maintained in early pregnancy and progesterone levels remain elevated as a result. This maintains negative feedback to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland which inhibits further follicular development and ovulation. In polyoestrous species, it prevents the return to oestrus. In many species the placenta will take over or supplement the corpus luteum as the source of progesterone durin

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